pre-eruption stages, sulfur dioxide is released. Sulfur Dioxide is a colorless gas
that is a severe irritant to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
coal, oil, gas, and diesel when burned. Emissions can cause severe respiratory issues.
Sulfur Dioxide is the largest source of emission from fossil fuel power plants and industrial facilities. 99% of sulfuric acid comes from human sources. Sulfur Dioxide also comes from acid rain as a secondary source. When inhaled, sulfur dioxide causes adverse respiratory effects such as bronchoconstriction and in increase in asthma symptoms especially in younger children and in the elderly. There are only a few places where the levels of sulfur dioxide are high enough to harm the lichen population, which are in areas with high levels of burning fossil fuels. Sulfur dioxide has the ability to dissovle cellular cytoplasm because of how easily it is absorbed by lichens. Sulfur Dioxide makes lichens very sensitive to acidity and when affected by sulfur dioxide, the photosynthesis process is altered. Sulfur dioxide also comes from erupting volcanoes and can cause severe irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Sulfur Dioxide has a ppm of 2 for the time weighed average. Efforts to manage the emissions of sulfur dioxide include implementing the national fuel quality standards, supporting the implementation of tighter vehicle emission standards, and promoting the use of alternative fuels. Nitrogen Dioxide is a gas that comes from natural sources such as plants, soil, and water. Inhaling nitrogen dioxide can cause inflammation of the airways, coughing and wheezing, lung infections, increased and more frequent asthma attacks, greater likelihood of hospital admission or emergency department, increased likelihood of respiratory infection such as influenza. Nitrogen dioxide can also increase the amount of phlegm in adults and allergic reactions to inhaled pollens. As Paracelsus says, "Everything is poisonous- only the dose differentiates a poison from a remedy". The amount of NO2 inhaled will determine the health effects it has on a person. In this case, nitrogen dioxide has a ppm of 3 for the time weighted average. Nitrogen dioxide contributes to the creation and modification of particulate matter and acid rain. Individual exposure to nitrogen dioxide mainly depends on outdoor concentration due to busy roads and other areas with high levels of nitrogen dioxide. Efforts to manage the emissions of nitrogen dioxide include implementing national fuel standards, supporting the implementation of tighter vehicle emission standards, developing a national environment protection measure for diesel to improve the in-service performance of diesel vehicles, developing and promoting alternative fuels, and developing pollution forecasting systems for major cities. Nitrogen dioxide, as well as sulfur dioxide, creates a sensitivity of lichens when they are exposed to the gas. Nitrogen dioxide gas can also contribute in the breakdown of lichen cells. although effects of nitrogen dioxide on lichen has still not been proven 100%, nitrogen oxide alone still causes adverse effects on lichen species.
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